Cantor showed that the sets of natural numbers and rational numbers could be put into 1-1 correspondence. In some sense, the sets are the same size. (see countable sets)

He also showed that the sets of real numbers and rational numbers can not be put into 1-1 correspondence. In some very real sense there must be more real numbers than rationals. (see uncountable sets)

The size of the set of counting numbers is $\aleph_0$
The size of the set of real numbers is $c=2^{\aleph_0}.$
We know that $\aleph_0\,\lt\,c$

So we have two infinities, $\aleph_0$ and $c=2^{\aleph_0}.$ The Continuum Hypothesis asks if there is an infinity between them.

The answer, surprisingly perhaps, turns out to be "Yes and no."

Paul Cohen showed in 1963 that this question is independent of the usual axioms of set theory (ZFC): in other words, from those axioms it is impossible to prove either that there is, or that there isn't, such a thing as a set bigger than the integers and smaller than the real numbers.

http://www.ii.com/math/ch/

ZornsLemma	CountableSet			CantorSet
↓	↓		↓	↓
UncountableSet			GeorgCantor TransfiniteNumbers
			↓
		⇌	You are here ContinuumHypothesis
			↓
			Axiom CountableSet CountingNumber Integer NaturalNumber RationalNumber RealNumber
↓	↓		↓	↓
(none)	GeorgCantor TransfiniteNumbers			AlgebraicNumber CauchySequence ContinuedFraction DedekindCut Denominator Euclid EuclideanGeometry IrrationalNumber KurtGoedel Numerator PoincaresDisc Pythagoras ReducingFractionsToLowestTerms RootTwoIsIrrational SquareNumber TranscendentalNumber WholeNumber

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Continuum Hypothesis

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